ain-dzarit1963

             

Je remercie chaleureusement  ici tous les élèves qui, grâce à  leurs questions, m’ont poussée à présenter les structures grammaticales de l’anglais sous forme

de tableaux  et je forme le vœu qu’ils soient utiles à d’autres en leur permettant une première approche d’une langue parlée par prés d’un milliard de femme et d’hommes.

                                                                      Tr : Belfedhal Tahar 

 

 

 

LESSON N°1

 

 

(1)   The definite article: the

The is used:

Before nouns of which there is only one : the sun,the sky,the weather.

Before anoun made definite as aresult of being mentioned a second time: he made a vase.The vase  is on the table

Before an adjective used to represent a class:

The young (young people) should respect

The old(old people)

The rich should help the poor

Before certain geographical names(seas,rivers,mountains,and some countries):

         The river thames,the himalayasocean,the atlantic ocean,the USA

Before superlatives:He is the tallest pupil in the class

Before musical instruments:zohra plays guittar

The is not used:

Before names of meales   :what time is breakfast?

Before plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns (people or things ingeneral)

Furniture is expensive,students should revise their lessons at home.

Before names of languages :  -people in mali speak French

Before people’s titles or profession: -prince charles is queen elizabeth’s son.

After “ ’s”       possessive case      tahar’s house

Before proper nouns:     London is an important city

With uncountable nouns:   war is destructive

(2) the indefinite article:a;an

 

a is used before singular countable nouns beginning with a consonant;

an is used before singular countable nouns beginning with a vowel(a,e,I,o,u)

eg: a friend, a car,an apple, an umbrella

exceptions:” a”is used before “ u “or”eu”when a “y” sound is produced

eg:  a university, a Europe

“an”is used before”h”when it is silent eg; an hour,an honest man.

Other uses of”a” , ”an”

before singular countable nouns in general:

 I’ ve got a new pen.there is an accident

Before nouns representing a class:

A dog is a mammal

Before noun complements( including jobs)

He’s an intelligent boy.He’s a doctor

 

(3) Nouns:

Noun gender:

 

Masculine (he)	Feminine(she)	Neuter(it)
Man	Woman	Tree
Father	Mother	Watch
uncle	aunt	table

Remark:

All things are considered as neuter(neither feminine or masculine)

Some nouns can be used for either a masculine or feminine subject;cousin,student,teacher,friend,doctor.

The plural of nouns :

  a) Regular nouns add “s” to their plural:

singular:animal    chair   house    office

plural    :animals  chairs  houses   offices

b) irregular nouns:

nouns ending in “y” with no vowe before it take”ies”in the plural

sing; city    country

plur; cities  countries

Nouns ending in “y”with a vowel before it are regular

Sing: day    boy

Plur:  days  boys

*Some common nouns ending in “f” or “fe”take “ves” in the plural

Sing:wife    shelf     thief      life

Plur: wives shelves thieves  lives

Some nouns change their vowel in the plural:

Sing:  man     woman   tooth   mouse

Plur:   men     women   teeth    mice

                  Note    child   children     ox    oxen

Nouns ending in ch, sh, ss, o, x or s take (es) in the plural:

Sing:    watch            brush         glass       potato     box       bus

Plur:     watches         brushes      glasses   potatoes  boxes    buses

   Nouns which do not change in the plural (animals)

Compound nouns: a compound noun is formed from two or more other words.the two words are not

Necessarily nouns,eg; head + ache=headache(noun + verb) girl + friend= girlfriend(noun+noun)

The simple present

Hi everybody! I'm The Present Simple Girl. I like habits and routines. I always do the same things and at the same time. For example, I always drink two glasses of milk in the morning and I usually arrive at school at twenty five past eight . I often wear jeans and T-shirts. I love pop music. I also love animals and plants. I have a beautiful garden.

I live with my parents and my brother, The Present Continuous Guy. He is very different from  me. He never arrives on time for lunch. He likes new clothes and fashion, and he doesn't listen to pop music. He plays hard rock in a group called "Metal Bananas" . We are in an English club called The Happy Verby Gang. We go to the club on Saturdays.